Effect of Divalent Cations

Effect of Concentration of Cations on Activated Sludge Properties and Membrane Fouling in Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment

This paper presents the results of an investigation on the effects of concentration of cations on activated sludge properties and membrane fouling in submerge membrane bioreactors. The working volume of the experimental setup was two liters. The cellulose acetate membrane was immersed in the bioreactor. The flocculability, settling properties and fouling propensity of activated sludge was measu...

Effect of Divalent Cations on Porin Incorporation in Planar Blm

Divalent Metal Ion Transport across Large Biological Ion Channels and Their Effect on Conductance and Selectivity

Electrophysiological characterization of large protein channels, usually displaying multi-ionic transport and weak ion selectivity, is commonly performed at physiological conditions (moderate gradients of KCl solutions at decimolar concentrations buffered at neutral pH). We extend here the characterization of the OmpF porin, a wide channel of the outer membrane of E. coli, by studying the effec...

Mechanisms of attack and defence at the cell surface: the use of phospholipid bilayers as models for cell membrane.

Electrical conductivity across phospholipid bilayers induced by various cytotoxic proteins has been used to analyse the damaging action of such proteins on cells; the protective effect of divalent cations and protons against such attack has also been investigated. The predominant effect of divalent cations and protons is to promote the closed state of membrane pores, i.e. to "gate" protein-indu...

Effect of Divalent Cations on Cation Fluxes Across the Chloroplast Envelope and on Photosynthesis of Intact Chloroplasts

The effect of divalent cations on cation fluxes across the chloroplast envelope and on photo­ synthetic reactions of intact spinach chloroplasts was investigated. In the absence of EDTA, divalent cations inhibited photosynthetic C02-fixation and PGAreduction at low PGA concentrations, but had almost no effect on the reduction of OAA, BQ, and on PGA-reduction at high PGA concentrations. The inhi...

Divalent cations as modulators of neuronal excitability: emphasis on copper and zinc.

Based on indirect evidence, a role for synaptically released copper and zinc as modulators of neuronal activity has been proposed. To test this proposal directly, we studied the effect of copper, zinc, and other divalent cations on voltage-dependent currents in dissociated toad olfactory neurons and on their firing rate induced by small depolarizing currents. Divalent cations in the nanomolar r...